Health belief model (HBM) constructs.

• A. Observational learning and reinforcement schedules.
• B. Intrinsic motivation only, with no external cues.
• C. Health outcomes solely determined by genetics.
• D. Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy, demographics.

Answer: (D)

Health Belief Model focuses on how beliefs influence whether people take health actions. The key constructs are perceived susceptibility (one’s risk of getting a condition), perceived severity (how serious the condition would be if it occurred), perceived benefits (the perceived effectiveness of the advised action), perceived barriers (the costs or downsides of taking that action), cues to action (factors that trigger the decision to act), and self-efficacy (confidence in one’s ability to perform the action). Some descriptions also include demographics or psychosocial factors as modifying variables that shape these beliefs.

The option that lists these constructs, including demographics as a modifying factor, matches the model precisely, making it the best choice.

Other options describe ideas from different theories or omit key elements: observational learning and reinforcement relate to Social Cognitive Theory; intrinsic motivation without external cues neglects cues to action; and attributing health outcomes solely to genetics ignores beliefs and perceptions that drive behavior.