Which model includes cues to action and self-efficacy among constructs?

• A. Health Belief Model
• B. Health Promotion Model
• C. Cognitive Learning Theory
• D. Humanistic Learning Theory

Answer: (A)

Beliefs about health threat and triggers to act, plus confidence to act, are central to a model of health behavior. This framework includes cues to action, which are events or messages that prompt a person to engage in a health behavior, and self-efficacy, the belief in one's ability to perform the behavior. Together these constructs help explain not only why someone recognizes a risk but also why they decide to act and how likely they are to sustain the action. Among common models, this one explicitly incorporates both cues to action and self-efficacy as core elements, whereas the others emphasize learning processes or broader determinants without these two constructs playing the central, named roles.